Wednesday, December 10, 2014


The right to live and exist,right to equality including equality before law,non-discrimination on field of religions,race,caste,sex or place of birth and equality of opportunity in matters of employment,right to freedom of speech and expression,assemble association movement,residence,right to practice any profession or occupation,right against exploitation,prohibiting all form of force labor,child labor and trafficking in human beings,right to freedom of propagation,practice and conscience of religion and right to legal remedies for enforcement of the above are the basic human rights.These rights and freedom  are they vary foundation of democracy.Obviously,in a democracy the maximum number of freedoms and rights are enjoyed by the people.Besides there is political rights which include to contest an election and to vote freely for a candidates of one's choice.Human rights are milestone of the development and civilized society.But rights cannot exists in vacuum.They have their corresponding duties.


Rights and Duties are the two faces of the same coin.Liberty never means licence.Right presuppose a rule of law where each and every of the society follows a code of conduct and behaviour for the food of all.It is the sense of duty and tolerance that gives meaning to rights.Right have their existence  on the principle of life and let live.For example,my right to expression  and speech involves my duty to allow other to enjoy the same freedom of speech and expression.Rights and Duties are independent and interlinked.A perfect balance is to be determined between them .Whenever there is chaos,there is imbalance.



A sense of tolerance,happiness and adjustment is the must for the enjoyment of the rights and freedoms.Human life without  basic rights and freedom is worthless.Freedom is the most precious  thing without which life would become intolerable,a mere object and slavish existence.In this context the famous  and quoted line of millions from his paradise lost come to mind..But the freedom cannot survive without its corresponding obligations and duties.



An individual is the part of society in which he enjoys certain rights and freedoms only because of fulfillment of certain duties and obligation towards others.Thus freedom is based on mutual understanding for each other's rights.A fine balance is to be set between two or three would be anarchy and bloodshed.The human right can be best preserved and protected in society stepped in morality,discipline and social order.

Monday, December 8, 2014



The parents,teachers,doctor,social worker and even politicians should start to take step in this direction.First of all,parent should keep strict vigil in their offspring.They should check whether they have bad friend with the habit of taking drugs.When they stay in hostel a constant watch becomes necessity.

Secondly,youth should be diverted to the healthy and creative activities.This process in psychology is called "sublimation".Activities like games,musical,program,good quality reading etc....should be provided to them.Youth basically wants excitement and so authorities should make arrangements for the same.New ways and method of providing healthy feeling should be introduced.

One method is to pick some good youths and ask them to search their peers to keep away from the drugs.They should be ask to use the technique of suggestion,so that youth try to free themselves from the hand of this mess.

Legally speaking,strict law should be made to punish such youths.Not only this,the proper publicity should be done showing the difficulties of the punishment should be given to drug seller also.

These are the only suggestion to solve the problem of drug abuse.Any step should be taken which could stop the youth taking from drugs.Psychologists,sociologists and doctor can faintly put effort to reach the solution.

When most of the countries of the world have been conscious of the problem and have started taking strictly steps.Our country should not be left behind.Now drug taking is not restricted to the wealthy youths of our country,it is spreading among the youths of the middle class and the lower class of our society.An all round attack is very much essential.The Government should look into the matter a fresh.If this is not done,gradually the social order will weaken the structure of the families will suffer a lot because youth are their bricks.


Drug taking by the youth is increasing in alarming rate.
The situation have become grave,parents and authorities are confused about its solution.It is not only biological but also social,psychological and an economical problem also. Everyday we hear of drug trafficking on t.v,radio and newspapers.This gives an indication how wide spread it is.

Thus,it become necessary to prove into this problem minutely.It's each and every aspects should be examined thoroughly.Various factor like types of drug used,reason for taking them,their horrifying effects etc should be taken into practice.Examining this kind of problem is needed because the youth of any country is great source of strength and development.The youth is naturally full of energy and psychologically full of zeal.He is called a marginal man in terms of sociology.Because still he has not attain the level of maturity.Maturity come from accepting the social norms and values.In short,young age is the age of formation and it is at this stage,the disease like drug taking strike him.If the process continues,he would remain nothing but life less stock.

This problem is a complicated one that we have to analyze it from different angles.Taking drug is not merely a psychological phenomena  but it is much more.Let us consider the aspect connected with it separately.

When youth consume drugs,in a second it reaches his brain.It activates the cell and nerves.For a while ,he experience the excitement but suffers greatly later on.In most of the drugs ,acids of one kind or the other is mixed ans they ruin the brain cells.Sometimes this brings about permanent impairment.According to the latest investigations,genes are also affected and that can create hereditary problems  for the children or such youth.

The drug taking youth is so much lost in his world of illusory excitement,that he does not feel to mixing with others.In other words he dislike social contacts.This will affect in his social development and social relations of various types which are needed for his full personality development.Remaining away from social environment is called by the sociologists as the state of alienation.The youth beings to pass through such a state.He become aloof from friends and family.He becomes an island where he does not accept others.thus,socially proves him a great failure.

Sunday, December 7, 2014


Games makes the exercise interesting and inspire confidence in one's work.The kind of the Excitement,thrill,entertainment and joy they provide is one of the best type.These also teaches to take success and failure alike in one's stride in a sporting spirit.So games and sports have all these additional advantages which an exercise taken for physical fitness and health lacks.A player is bound to become broad minded,principled,honest,tolerant,disciplined,more secular in his approach and tough to tackle problems.


It is said that'The battle of Waterloo was won on the playing field of Eton'Because the hero of this battle was a student of this popular school.Here,he as a student and player develop the great quality of leadership,endurance,heroism,team spirit,patriotism,courage etc. which helped him defeating Napoleon finally.



These and other qualities of character cultivated with the help of games and sports are quite essential for life,they provide much needed self confidence and fair play to the player and sports man.They make them true follower of the rule or the laws by widen the mental horizon of players.A player has to follow certain rules and regulation of the game.He is penalized for a foul or transgression of the rule.He or she is to abide by the decision of the referee.He has to play in a certain position and place under the captain or skipper of his team.He has to respect and obey his captain.



Success of the game depends on the co-operative team spirit and combined energetic efforts.A team has to play as a whole in a competitive spirit with the another team and these go along way in inculcating in the players both consciously the spirit of adventure,fair play co-operation,discipline,team spirit and taking of quick and right decisions.A sports person never lose his or her temper and morale in the face of defeat because he or she would take it calmly then try to perform better the next time.Sports person know that defeat and victory  are two aspect of the same coin.



There is more fun in playing than its result.As in game so in life,a good player would never gives up or admit defeat,nor would be demoralized by defeat.In joy and success also he would keep his cool and equipoise,the defeated player and their team would congratulate the winning team,shake hand with the winning player teaches them to face realities of life with a smiling face in a spirit of detachment and indifference of an onlooker.Sports help in overcoming the sense of violence,superiority and arrogance as purged by providing them sufficient outlet.





Newspaper especially of the popular variety,aim to do two things to inform and to entertain.Entertainment is principally found in center pages of the newspaper,in some of the feature articles and in some local stories.The principal aim of short news report on the front page is to inform.


most newspaper are published daily,and the news reporters must make sure that they have up-to the minutes news.In their news report they will aim to create a sense of immediacy,to convey the impression that they have rushed the news to the reader and that the information contained is the very latest.



Reports also wish to create a sense of authenticity,that their news is accurate and genuine.They may thus refer to their sources to the spokesmen who inform them perhaps quoting their very words to show that has been produce is the real news.



Just as reporter appears to be hurry to find out and then retell their facts so too the readers of the daily newspaper are often in hurry,trying to read as much of the news as possible before rushing to the work.This is perhaps what indicates very common form for news reports.According to this format,the first paragraph or two of the news report contain most of the main points of the story,in a condensed or summary form.The following paragraphs go over all the main points again,but this time adding more details.Thus the reader who is in hurry can get the main idea of the story by reading just the initial paragraphs.The editor of this story also benefits from this format,for if he or she runs out of space in the paper,some of the last paragraph of the story can be deleted without too much harm.



Informing and entertaining are the two aim of the newspaper.Informative and entertaining item are found on the front with two things assuring the readers that the news they have reported is the latest and at the same time true.



The typical format of news reports,which consist in the initial paragraph or two giving the summary of the detail news in the succeeding paragraphs,serves the common purpose of both reader and the editor.The informer is usually in a hurry and is content with the summary and the later can always delete the details when short of space.

Saturday, December 6, 2014



Superstition betray human weakness,ignorance and fear of unknown and mysterious.
They are irrational belief in things which remain in applicable,mysterious and unraveled because of lack of sufficient light of knowledge and scientific temper.Superstition are on the decline because of spread of education,reasoning and scientific advancement but even educated and advance people have their superstitions.Though it is seen that some old superstitions are dying,the new one are being born.Primitive instincts,fear and beliefs present a fertile land for superstitions.Religious orthodoxy,emotional instability,blind belief in irrational rituals,customs and practices make people in easy prey of the superstitions.



Superstition are not confined to a particular part of the earth,people,community or  race.They are ubiquitous and found through out of the world in one form or the other.There is only a difference of degrees.Their presence is more prevalent among illiterate,uneducated and scientifically less advance people and societies.Passing of superstition is seen from old generation to new generation through religious practices.Now they are gradually losing ground with the advancement of rationality,scientific approach to things and globalization of the world,because of very fast means of communication and travel and yet superstitions may not be eradicated for a long time.




Belief in charms, supernatural powers, ghosts, evil spirits, spiritual healing etc. have deep effect in superstitions. They are common among the people of all classes and climates. For example,cries of certain birds like owls, ravens, the eclipse of the sun and moon, sight of shooting stars and comets,  and weeping of dogs, meowing of cats,howling of jackals and braying. Of the as  at certain hours are still regarded as ominous in many communities all over the world. The fear of  number 13 in  the western countries is another example of our blind belief. All superstitions have their origin in human psychology  of fear  of ill-luck, the dread of inexplicable force in nature and insecurity. When some phenomena cannot be explained and understood, people assign them divine supernatural and mysterious origins and start fearing them.    



The obedience of all natural and artificial rules and regulation, order in time for the safety,honour and welfare of the nation and people is called discipline.

Discipline on the other hand is a state of mind which promotes an individual or group of people to do duty willingly and lawfully in time.


Discipline is applicable in every field and is found everywhere like in Public Officials,Police and Army.Even the sun,planets,animal,plants,insect and other living beings have followed a well discipline life.Discipline is quite important in Police and Army forces.It is an ornament of Army and Police forces.The Army and Police force cannot survive and function without proper discipline.It is the main root of success.The development of nation and the progress depends upon the discipline of people who belong to that nation.A nation is always having its rules and laws as its constitutions.To follow these rules and laws are the first duty of the citizens.People who follow rules and laws very strictly and sincerely,they are always ahead in every field comparison to others.



Our own home is the first school of discipline and our parents are the teachers who have taught us about discipline,i.e what has to be done and what not to be done and we have learnt many things about discipline from our home first.



Army and Police means the organization of the well disciplined people on the discipline of troops.Discipline in the case of force is that the standard of personal department,appearance,courtesy and ethical conduct which includes in troops the will and ability to complete the mission with maximum efficiency.



In conclusion,what we say that discipline is necessary in every field and everywhere.It has got such an unique characteristic that if we follow it,we cannot get any disadvantage expect advantages.In case of Army and Police force,it is most important factor.it teaches immediate and positive response to legitimate orders.During war it helps to over come fear and panic and ensures maximum efficiency in execution of task always and every time.

Friday, December 5, 2014



The proverb 'Time and Tide waits for no one' is well known.
It draws our attention to the fleeting nature of time.what is time?We measure our existence in terms of certain mathematical instants.Time is eternal.It has no beginning ,no end.It is like a swiftly moving stream.It moves on and on without any rest.It does not wait for the convenience of man.It is like a gipsy man,constantly moving.Tides are caused in the river or sea as a result of magnetic pull of the moon.The ebb and flow of tide is according to natural laws.It is a natural process.It does not wait for man.If a boat is to sail with tidal waves,the boatman must be ready for tide;if he fails he misses the chance.


Though time is without beginning or end,yet for our convenience we divide time into the past,the present and the future and into hours,minutes and seconds.that is the mathematical division of time.The modern age is the age of action;life is short and there is much to be done.We have therefore,to make the best use of time.Time is invaluable.



There is a saying that time is money.This is true,for money depends on the proper use of time.We should attain to our work punctually.We should use  our opportunities properly.A man who waste his opportunities spends time and cannot attain success.value of time greater than that of money.money lost can be recovered but time lost is lost for ever.The time which is gone cannot be recovered.The passage of time is beyond all human control.Even science cannot help us in checking time.Time goes its own way.It does not obey anyone.Not even the most powerful dictator or ruler can cry a halt to the passage of time.



The proverb has a lesson for man.Since time is precious,we must utilize every second of it.A stitch in time saves nine,as the saying goes.Timely action very often prevents great loss.Steps taken in time means less labour,better success,less chance of lossing or damage.Procrastination is the thief of time.The average is easy going and lazy.He does not realize the value of time.he seldom skies to do a thing when he put it off till tomorrow.That is why the average man is average.Take a school boy.Ask him why he is not learning his task;the answer  is,'I will do it tomorrow'.But tomorrow finds him same as yesterday,and the work is always incomplete.


Nepal is basically an agricultural country.
Our social structure and national economy are based upon economy.In a village economy,the outlook of farmer is of vital importance to society.Modern method of farming and use of modern equipment can increase our production to a great extent.Therefore an educated farmer can revolutionize farming and contribute a great deal to the country's wealth.Foreign capital combine with expertise and enterprise is essential for development of economic potentialities in undeveloped or developing countries.Unfortunately many of our people in the agricultural sector are quite illiterate and ignorant about the advance methods of production.



Rural development is a process that can be done with interest,initiative and active participation of the rural people.The role of government sectors in this aspect is to prepare the field for facilitating the process by educating the people and making them aware of the needs for development by providing necessary training and making available needed inputs.Village reconstruction with self-reliance and self-sufficiency as the two principle goal to be achieved to meet the challenge of poverty and unemployment.It is only through using the available man power resources in the best possible way by educate the people of village that we can achieve a breakthrough.




Our industrial sector too suffers from illiteracy.The workers and the labourer who are ultimately responsible for the manufacture of goods and who work hard to swell the income of businessman and industrialists get the minimum share of the surplus they earn.They get the minimum wages,they live in shanties and slum and earn enough to satisfy their basic needs.This exploitation makes them demotivated in their work and as a result their contribution to the productivity decreases.




Today communalism,castism and regionalism pose a great threat to our nation.We need an educated lot who can come out of narrow and selfish feelings and help to put the country in the right track of progress.Therefore illiteracy is he stumbling block to the developmental process. Actually,education is the important component of development.All steps have to be taken to decline  illiteracy, if eradication is not possible at the present stage,to enable the vast majority of presently illiterate persons to participate effectively in the process of the development.




The year 1990 was rightly declared the 'International year of Literacy' so that adequate measures could be adopted for removing ignorance and illiteracy from the society of all round development of people.A demand for literacy is to be evoked in the way that hunger creates the clamour for food or the way unemployment agitates a person for job.In fact Nepal's development will depend on the success or failure of its mission of eradicating illiteracy.





Science means rational approach to things and problems.It signifies dispassionate analysis,reasoning,probe and sifting truth from falsehood.It shed lights on the hidden aspects of the truth by irrationality,blind faith,superstitions and fears.Science is search for better and still better living condition through knowledge,rationality,analysis and research.It is a way to truth through sweat,toil,reasoning and relentless search.It knows failure but not defeat.It has evolved a way which is rational and logical based on trials and errors.It has taught mankind how never to be downcast at failure but to start a new with more courage and hope and reach the truth.



Science leads dynamism to society.It changes things for better.It teaches us how not to be tied down to something conventional and old because it is old and conventional.Science challenges continuity and traditions which are old,obsolete,irrelevant,dead and harmful.It brings in rationality,betterment and widening of the horizon of knowledge.Sometimes it shocks us out of old irrational beliefs and conservation.For example,Charles Darwin(1809-82) came with this theory of the "Origin of Species"which shock the entire religious of the world of Europe which was tied down to the dogma of creation of Adam and Eve by god.His theory that mankind have evolve d from the species of Apes exploded the age old Myth and belief.His theory of evolution proposing that different species arouse by the process of natural selection acting on the variations found in normal populations shocked the Church out of its ignorance and superstitions.



Science and morality or change and continuity are not inimical or incompatible.The evil lies in human mind which can use both science and morality for evil purposes.Science is knowledge,pure,objective and empirical engaged in making the life more easy,comfortable and less painful.There is hardly any walk or department of life which is not the embrace of science.It has helped us in conquering diseases,hunger,famine,distances and physical and geographical barriers.It has turned the globe into an international village.The conquest of space and the moon are some of the greatest achievements of modern science and technology.The true spirit of science lies in search and discovery of truth.

Wednesday, December 3, 2014




Education prepares a man for a way of life,that is genuine and utterly humane.It awakens a critical sense in him towards the society  and towards the people-life and values they adopt.It awakens man's consciousness.It  is a process of training which makes  people aware of their situation and help them to change things through and bring about a total transformation of the society they live in.



Therefore a literal population is an asset of any developing society.Literacy accelerates the pace of development of any society.Literacy promotes self-respect of the individual and makes one more confident's of one's capabilities.It result in better health awareness and care,and increase people's participation in the development process of the nation.A literate man is more aware of his rights  and responsibilities and therefore helps prevent exploitation and improve his earning and life-style.It gives an individual greater control over his own life.It promotes environmental awareness and makes and individual an integral part of the society and nature.



Literacy also plays a key role in controlling the rapidly increasing population of the country.It makes people more aware of the problem of over population,health problems and problems relating to environment.It makes them realize that increasing population produces a variety of impediments to the development of future generation.Nepalese society is deep rooted in superstitious beliefs and only a literate population can overcome these beliefs and bring about total development and transformation.As we are all aware,a large section of our population has immense faith in old superstitions,which hinder any development process.In the present scientific era we cannot afford to rely on superstitions.



Participation of the people in the political field has a lot to do with development.The success of democracy depends on many factors like the people's love and commitment for democracy,enlightened citizenship,sound education,enlightened public opinion,free,fearless and responsible press etc.Nepal is a democratic country  and when majority of its population is illiterate,we cannot except them taking part in the democratic process as responsible citizens.


It is a known fact that corruption and malpractices are there in the electioneering process of our country,engineered by a section of the population who tend to exploit a vast majority of illiterates.Voting pattern is directly affected by illiteracy.As the majority is illiterate,elections seem to have lost its significance.An alert and intelligent public opinion is absolutely necessary for the successful working of a democratic society.Illiteracy is a curse for a good society.Therefore people should be educated,so that they can develop an interest about an country.Fulfillment of one's duties and consciousness of the right is the gift that every individual needs.


ILLITERACY  can be defined as the state of mind that is ignorant of all forms of reading and writing and thus makes a person to be classified as an uneducated person.Illiteracy is a global phenomenon.It is closely linked to poverty and exploitation.By the year 2002 AD,there are  nearly one billion illiterates in the world.Nearly 70 percent of the world's illiterate people are to be found in Asia-Pakistan,Bangladesh,China and India.


A close analysis that the area of the world with a concentration of poverty,illiteracy and hunger are those,which for many centuries have undergone slavery and exploitation under the colonial rule.Colonialism and the industrialism revolution in the west meant that Asia,Africa and parts of west Asia and south America had to be robbed of raw materials,wealth and Independence.A large section of population was trained by these so called rich nations to use their hand without much need to use their brains or minds.As a result,those people were denied all form of education-formal or informal and forced to remain illiterate.



Now,there is an increasing concern about the rise in the third World poor.The number of rural poor in developing countries has jumped by 40 percent  over the last twenty years.This is because a size able population in every country has not been properly integrated into country's economic structure.A large section of population in developing country are below the poverty line and are denied the facilities like education and health service.As a result,there is low development in the countries like Bhutan,India,Somalia,Sudan and Mauritania-Nepal being no exception.



In addition to the so called third world countries,today there is growing illiteracy in the developed west too-in industrialized countries like USA ,Canada,Britain and those in west Europe.Africa,West Asia and South America are major pocket of illiteracy.Although poverty and illiteracy are not as pervasive a problem in industrialized nations,illiteracy had its effect on the development in these countries and as a result,there is a decline in their living standards including in the United states.



Therefore spread of literacy and education is the only way to development.A country like Nepal,facing many problem in all fields-financial,social and industrial,cannot afford to leave the larger section of its population illiterate who remain passive participants in the development process.There is no doubt that spread of education alone is the active agent of controlling the major ills that our society is inflicted with.Though there is a steady increase in the number of educated people in India,the number of illiterates is also on an increase due to tremendous increase in our population.The link between literacy,development ans population is irrefutable.

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